Learn More — Rights of Nature Laws & Timeline
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ABOUT LEGAL PROTECTIONS FOR NATURE
Rethinking our relationship with the
natural world is possible through the law
— using legal frameworks, constitutional
protections, and international agreements
to defend ecosystems.

1972

The Birth of the Concept

American law professor Christopher Stone publishes “Should Trees Have Standing?”, proposing that natural entities (like rivers, forests, and mountains) should have legal rights. Once seen as radical, this idea seeded a global movement.
(Source: Stone, 1972; GARN)

1982

World Charter for Nature

The UN General Assembly adopts the World Charter for Nature, recognizing humanity’s duty to protect natural systems and paving the way for sustainable development efforts.
(Source: UN, 1982)

2006

First Local Recognitions in the U.S.

Tamaqua Borough, Pennsylvania, and Barnstead, New Hampshire, become the first U.S. towns to recognize nature’s rights in law, banning harmful industrial activities.
(Source: CELDF, 2006)

2008

Ecuador Enshrines Rights
of Nature in Its Constitution

Ecuador becomes the first nation to constitutionally
recognize nature as a rights-bearing entity,
entitled to protection and restoration.
(Source: GARN; Ecuador Constitution)

2010

Bolivia Passes the Law of
the Rights of Mother Earth

Bolivia adopts landmark legislation treating the Earth as a living being, establishing legal mechanisms for its defense.
(Source: GARN; Law of Mother Earth)

2017

Rivers Recognized as Living Entities

New Zealand’s Whanganui River gains legal personhood, honoring Māori worldviews. In India, the Ganges and Yamuna rivers are briefly granted legal status (later overturned).
(Source: GARN; NZ government; Indian courts)

2018

Colombian Amazon Wins
Legal Protection

Colombia’s Supreme Court rules the Amazon rainforest has legal rights, obligating government action against deforestation.
(Source: GARN; Colombian Supreme Court)

2022

Mar Menor Lagoon Becomes
a Legal Entity in Spain

Europe’s first ecosystem gains legal personhood following citizen-led advocacy to save the endangered Mar Menor lagoon.
(Source: GARN; Spanish legal record)

2024

A Global Movement Expands

By May 2024, more than 500 initiatives are advancing legal protections for nature across 40+ countries — from constitutional changes to local bans, court rulings, and international advocacy.
(Source: GARN, 2024 Global Report)

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1972
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2024
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LEGAL AND ETHICAL  DIMENSION

Recognizing nature’s rights means acknowledging that ecosystems have the right to exist, thrive, and regenerate. This approach shifts conservation from a human-centered choice to a legally enforceable duty — a profound reimagining of our relationship with the living world.

While Rights of Nature is one path, many others — including strict environmental regulations, protected areas, and Indigenous governance — use legal systems to safeguard nature. Together, these legal strategies offer hope for a just, sustainable future.

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